The Amiga had a great trick. Both the CPU and the display/audio hardware share the same RAM (called Chip RAM), so they have to arbitrate for access to it, through a chip called Agnus, which prioritises who gets to read/write memory, depending on importance. You can starve the blitter, you can starve the CPU, but you can't starve the audio or video or disk I/O. As the 68000 CPU only needed memory access every second clock cycle, the Amiga designers arranged it so that the custom chips preferred odd cycles and saved the even cycles for the 68000. So your 68000 runs at full speed.
But if you need more and more work done by the custom chips, it starts to rob some of the even cycles from the 68000.
If you have a 16-colour lowres screen (4 bitplanes), Denise (the chip that turns RAM values into video signals) only reads display data on odd cycles. But if you add another bitplane for 32 colours, she needs some of the even cycles. If you add another bitplane for HAM or EHB mode, she needs even more.
In hires mode, it needs twice the bandwidth for twice the pixels. So if you have a 4-colour hires screen, it only needs odd cycles and the 68000 is full speed. If you go for 8 or 16 colours, it starts slowing the 68000 down.
This is why the default Workbench screen is 4-colour hires. It's hires to look nice and professional like an IBM, and not like a kid's toy like the Atari ST's default lowres GEM interface. It's 4-colours to show it's colourful and not black-and-white, but it's not 8- or 16- colours because that would nearly halve the speed of the CPU !!!
> This is why the default Workbench screen is 4-colour hires. It's hires to look nice and professional like an IBM, and not like a kid's toy like the Atari ST's default lowres GEM interface
The Atari ST had a professional resolution of 640x400 monochrome with a 70hz refresh rate. The Amiga had a 640x200 resolution non-interlaced, or a 640x400 interlaced which was basically a kid's toy.
It was nice of the ST to offer a special black and white screen mode on a custom monitor. The Amiga had the memory bandwidth to offer the same, but chose to only offer PAL/NTSC and no other custom video signals at launch, probably to avoid making its display chip even more complicated.
The Amiga had a "professional" resolution of 1008x1024 PAL or 1008x800 NTSC, 4-colour greyscale with a 15Hz refresh rate via its A2024 monitor (which effectively sampled 4 screens worth of video output and stitched them together).
You could also buy a "flicker fixer" (later included internally in the A3000) which gave you full colour 640x512 at 25Hz or 640x400 at 30Hz if you didn't like interlace.
But different strokes for different folks. The Amiga distinguished itself by being easily genlockable to video and having a 4096 colour palette and 21kHz 4-channel 8-bit sampled sound replay in 1985. The ST distinguished itself by having MIDI ports and a choice of either monochrome monitor, or the TV (or a colour monitor based on NTSC/PAL) if you wanted to do anything in colour. It found its niche in controlling other musical devices.
But the ST did have a garish green low-res desktop by default.
I never knew anyone who used the ECS "productivity" modes. That would've required an expensive multisync monitor since other Amiga stuff would still need the 15 kHz support. The only useful feature of ECS, as far as I can recall, was support for additional chip RAM.
Later Amigas also supported VGA monitors with 31kHz horizontal refresh rate, with just a passive adaptor.
I used a VGA monitor with my Amiga 1200 up until I switched to PC, and a tweaked video mode with 704×520 pixels.
If you wanted to play games on an Amiga or an Atari ST you needed to use a TV-signal compatible 15kHz monitor or a Multisync monitor.
I ran desktop programs in 640×200 mode with four colours on both my ST and my Amiga 500 before I upgraded.
There were also "flicker fixer" add-ons for the Amiga, converting the interlaced modes to VGA signals: one was built into the Amiga 3000.
I wish there was a way to recapture the feeling of magic produced by using the Amiga. From usability to programmability, everything seemed exciting, new, and with unlimited possibility.
It really was like going from a black-and-white world to seeing full color.
I always said that if 1% of the effort (and money) put into overcoming the PC architecture's shortcuts was put into the Amiga, the computing world would be in a very different place.
I'm afraid that the feeling of magic if (was) a phenomenon related to passing the boundary between the "black and white" and "full color" worlds, not the "full color" world itself.
What we have now easily available offers much more unlimited possibilities. 24-bit color, 4K resolution, all the 3D you may care about, all the audio you may care about, gigabytes of RAM, terabytes of storage, easy programmability from tinker-friendly stuff like pygame or processing.org or löve to world-construction kits like Godot. Or the whole Web thing. All available at a trivial cost or free. Where's the magic though?
I think that much of the "magic" feeling comes from pushing things to the limit, and beyond. This requires a limited possibility. Basically all art is built around some kind of a limitation and playing with it.
(Being young and having time to tinker with hardware just for the joy of the audiovisual effects goes without saying.)
How do different resolutions (pixel sizes) work? I get that everything memory related (including color mode and depth) could be switched on a raster line.
In theory it should be possible to change the frequency of the video signal mid screen as well, but I have a hard time to imagine switching repeatedly every frame wouldn't have driven the monitors of the time crazy. Even multi-sync monitors needed probably a couple of frames to sync, right?
Kinda, but a CRT literally doesn’t have precise pixel targeting in the way an LCD does. Instead, you’re telling the electron gun to draw red for a little while, and it paints what it paints.
It’s basically just an SD TV signal, the vertical height in lines doesn’t change, it largely just swaps if each line outputs 320 or 640 pixels during its assigned time period.
Having interlaced and non interlaced modes at once seems a bit funky though, but I assume it just forces everything into interlaced with the non interlaced mode sections having the same line sent on both fields?
"Non-interlaced" is just sending the same line for both fields, "interlaced" is sending different lines for each field. You can update your "non-interlaced" screen at 50/60Hz and the viewer will see movement, because it's transmitted for both fields. If you were updating just one line of an interlaced screen at 50/60Hz, it would only be transmitted every second field, so the viewer would perceive 25/30Hz movement.
For high-resolution monitors, Commodore and 3rd parties offered a "flicker fixer", which took the raw output, buffered both fields in its own RAM, and re-emitted the combined image as a single frame.
No, there is actually a difference between an interlaced and non-interlaced signal. A non-interlaced signal has an integral number of lines per field without the half-line that an interlaced signal would have. With a non-interlaced signal, a classic CRT will scan all of the fields with the same alignment instead of interleaving even/odd fields vertically. There was a definite visual difference between a non-interlaced mode and an interlaced mode repeating the same screen for both fields.
Analog monitors don't care about the dot clock. They draw lines, but you can put whatever signal you want in the lines so long as the dot clock doesn't exceed the available bandwidth. So horizontal resolution is effectively a range you can change at any time and the monitor won't even notice.
Vertical resolution is very much part of the spec, but even then CRTs will sync to hilariously out-of-spec signals that gain or lose lines per frame. Sanely-designed graphics hardware like the Amiga wouldn't do this, but the Atari 2600 wasn't sanely designed and had plenty of games that played fast and loose with NTSC. Atari graphics hardware only generated a single line of graphics and relied on H-Blank effects for literally everything else. Even the vertical retrace signal was controlled by the game. So it was very common to see badly programmed games send too many lines, and a different wrong number of lines each frame, which nobody noticed until people started writing 2600 emulators.
Maybe its me, but i believe the primary or secondary reason for screen is different screens had different resolutions and color depths, both of which dont really exist these days on any major OS.
I've been thinking a lot about this. Virtual desktops gets us somewhat close, but not quite. You're right the difference in resolution and colour depth isn't really relevant any more.
What I think made screens feel different was as a grouping mechanism, usually driven by a single application (though in more recent versions of AmigaOS you could open "public screens") that would manage the layout for that screen. You can do that with virtual desktops, but it takes some effort to simulate the behaviour.
I'm slowly iterating on something like that for my wm. I now snapshot the (by default tiling) layout and restore it, letting me "open" and "close" screens/virtual desktops, and re-open the applications on them, so instead of opening a single application that opens a screen, I will open a "project" and it will open a desktop and multiple applications on it whose windows will snap into place. I'm not happy with it yet, but it feels somewhat closer to me to how it felt to use Amiga screens.
It feels like the concept faded with the advent of large VRAM and fast fill rate graphics accelerators. I remember old X Window System workstations supporting multiple concurrent windows with different color depths and modes. The hardware would compose windows from memory during display scan-out, all to save VRAM.
Color depths, not modes per se, and it's more that XFree86/X.Org by virtue of being lowest common denominator didn't have optimizations based on it, and over time GTK and others forgot they exist.
Some systems like Xsgi went further with having several visuals used for predefined purposes in their modified Motif versions
I used X11 on some 8-bit framebuffers back in the day, and I remember the palette changing depending on which window was in the foreground. The foreground window would have proper colour, and the background ones would generally have crazy clashing colours.
- 3D apps (games) render at a resolution less than the desktop for performance reasons (even in fullscreen mode to avoid switching the video signal)
- Similarly, streaming sticks/TVs render the UI at 720-1080p and overlay on hardware decoded 4K video (very common in anything that's not a console, Apple TV, or NVIDIA Shield)
- Handling non-high DPI apps on a high-DPI desktop, or handling systems with mixed DPI displays
- Combining HDR and SDR content on the same desktop. Same with deep-color apps.
- UI effects like the OS X genie effect, app thumbnails
Yeah-- the Atari roots (and Jay Miner's influence) clearly show in the Amiga.
An alternative future fiction I think about, when Commodore or Atari come up in conversation, is one where Irving Gould didn't run Jack Tramiel out of Commodore and Warner Communications listened to Atari's old guard engineers and released new platforms (versus running the home video game industry into the ground trying to milk the 2600 forever).
Obviously, in that world the Amiga would have ended up being an Atari product and the ST a Commodore product. I think both companies would have been healthier and, as such, would have been able to do more with the platforms. Their combined influence might have actually given the IBM PC and Macintosh a run for their money.
I think Atari would have done right by the Amiga. A properly executed version of it would have been a fantastic games console and I think Atari could have done that. It's hard to say what the home and business computer future of an Atari Amiga would have been, but it Atari would have made a kick-ass Amiga console.
Likewise, the ST could have been a lower cost Mac killer, especially if they leaned-in to Mac emulation / compatibility. I think Commodore had the chops and credibility to execute the ST as a business computer in a way the real Tramiel-run Atari never could. Atari couldn't overcome the stigma of Atari being a video game company.
> Their combined influence might have actually given the IBM PC and Macintosh a run for their money.
Not a chance, I think. Combine both and you still would not have beaten the sound philosophy, openness, speed, and flexibility of the IBM PC & compatibles. Ironically, to increase your chances massively, you'd needed to have enhittification (with its preference for locked-down rubbish antithetical to general-purpose computing) already dominating the market. Even as Amigas and Ataris were much more open than their cousin's terrible grandchild of today: Apple. A platform which many Amigatari nerdlingers of yesteryear gravitated to...
yeah, substantially agree. But I also think if only Atari and Commodore teams could have just been one company... it would have been glorious. Somehow. The market couldn't afford to be split like that, the pie wasn't big enough.
Also I was an Atari ST user back then, and loved it. But the Tramiel's didn't "get" software in the early days. They failed to make the right investments to keep TOS/GEM actively developed (e.g. as a Mac alternative) until it was too late (they hired Eric Smith to work on MiNT and then MultiTOS in the early 90s but they were already done as a company by then).
And then three fundamental hardware mistakes with the ST were:
1. not shipping it with the Blitter from the start so it couldn't compete on games, obviously with the Amiga but even with 8-bits of the time
2. forcing the ROM size down to 192kB so they had to size optimize the crap out of GEM before shipping (waste of precious development time), especially including tossing away all of GDOS (which had support for proportional fonts and printer drivers etc). A 256kB or 512kB ROM would have solved a lot of problems with what I'd think wouldn't have been an insane BOM cost bump.
3. Minor but long term annoying -- tying the cartridge port to only have 128kB of address lines. If they had given it 256kB or 512kB address ability their later expansion issues (OS upgrades etc) would have been much improved.
As for the Amiga, great machine but a) it cost too much at the start so failed to catch immediate fire (the 500 rectified this to some degree) b) interlace.
> And then three fundamental hardware mistakes with the ST were:
> 1. not shipping it with the Blitter from the start so it couldn't compete on games, obviously with the Amiga but even with 8-bits of the time
I don't think a blitter is that big of a deal, especially for games. A sprite/tile architecture would be better for games.
I wish that the ST came with the YM2203, instead of the YM2149. That would make it an even better machine for music, with the addition of 3 4-op FM voices.
Frame rates on games on the ST were terrible, which just came down to there not being enough cycles in a single frame to really move stuff around. Sprites or tiles would be great but are a bit specific. Blitter hardware subsumes all of that under a more general utility. The STe's blitter when it finally came along was great. But by then it was too late, nobody was going to make games for it because the market was too small.
Once clockspeeds got up to what the Falcon could do, it was unnecessary. But again, too late.
I break out this diagram every time Amiga graphics hardware comes up:
https://amigadev.grimore.org/Hardware_Manual_guide/node02d4....
The Amiga had a great trick. Both the CPU and the display/audio hardware share the same RAM (called Chip RAM), so they have to arbitrate for access to it, through a chip called Agnus, which prioritises who gets to read/write memory, depending on importance. You can starve the blitter, you can starve the CPU, but you can't starve the audio or video or disk I/O. As the 68000 CPU only needed memory access every second clock cycle, the Amiga designers arranged it so that the custom chips preferred odd cycles and saved the even cycles for the 68000. So your 68000 runs at full speed.
But if you need more and more work done by the custom chips, it starts to rob some of the even cycles from the 68000.
If you have a 16-colour lowres screen (4 bitplanes), Denise (the chip that turns RAM values into video signals) only reads display data on odd cycles. But if you add another bitplane for 32 colours, she needs some of the even cycles. If you add another bitplane for HAM or EHB mode, she needs even more.
In hires mode, it needs twice the bandwidth for twice the pixels. So if you have a 4-colour hires screen, it only needs odd cycles and the 68000 is full speed. If you go for 8 or 16 colours, it starts slowing the 68000 down.
This is why the default Workbench screen is 4-colour hires. It's hires to look nice and professional like an IBM, and not like a kid's toy like the Atari ST's default lowres GEM interface. It's 4-colours to show it's colourful and not black-and-white, but it's not 8- or 16- colours because that would nearly halve the speed of the CPU !!!
> This is why the default Workbench screen is 4-colour hires. It's hires to look nice and professional like an IBM, and not like a kid's toy like the Atari ST's default lowres GEM interface
The Atari ST had a professional resolution of 640x400 monochrome with a 70hz refresh rate. The Amiga had a 640x200 resolution non-interlaced, or a 640x400 interlaced which was basically a kid's toy.
It was nice of the ST to offer a special black and white screen mode on a custom monitor. The Amiga had the memory bandwidth to offer the same, but chose to only offer PAL/NTSC and no other custom video signals at launch, probably to avoid making its display chip even more complicated.
The Amiga had a "professional" resolution of 1008x1024 PAL or 1008x800 NTSC, 4-colour greyscale with a 15Hz refresh rate via its A2024 monitor (which effectively sampled 4 screens worth of video output and stitched them together).
You could also buy a "flicker fixer" (later included internally in the A3000) which gave you full colour 640x512 at 25Hz or 640x400 at 30Hz if you didn't like interlace.
In 1990, the ECS chipset gave you "Productivity" mode (640x480 at 60Hz, 4 colours) and "Euro72" (640×400 at 70Hz, 4 colours) - there's a nice list here: https://amiga.lychesis.net/articles/ScreenModes.html
But different strokes for different folks. The Amiga distinguished itself by being easily genlockable to video and having a 4096 colour palette and 21kHz 4-channel 8-bit sampled sound replay in 1985. The ST distinguished itself by having MIDI ports and a choice of either monochrome monitor, or the TV (or a colour monitor based on NTSC/PAL) if you wanted to do anything in colour. It found its niche in controlling other musical devices.
But the ST did have a garish green low-res desktop by default.
I never knew anyone who used the ECS "productivity" modes. That would've required an expensive multisync monitor since other Amiga stuff would still need the 15 kHz support. The only useful feature of ECS, as far as I can recall, was support for additional chip RAM.
Later Amigas also supported VGA monitors with 31kHz horizontal refresh rate, with just a passive adaptor. I used a VGA monitor with my Amiga 1200 up until I switched to PC, and a tweaked video mode with 704×520 pixels.
If you wanted to play games on an Amiga or an Atari ST you needed to use a TV-signal compatible 15kHz monitor or a Multisync monitor. I ran desktop programs in 640×200 mode with four colours on both my ST and my Amiga 500 before I upgraded.
There were also "flicker fixer" add-ons for the Amiga, converting the interlaced modes to VGA signals: one was built into the Amiga 3000.
As a kid the 70 Hz made a much more professional impression on me than the colors, but of course the colors were much cooler.
I had an Amiga 500, then a 3000. You could really feel the slow performance with 8 and 16 color Workbench screens on the 500.
For everyone wondering why there are so many dollar values in the diagram: $ meant hex in the vernacular of the day.
(Could mean string too, but that'd a different story)
But then there ist fast-RAM
Username checks out!
I wish there was a way to recapture the feeling of magic produced by using the Amiga. From usability to programmability, everything seemed exciting, new, and with unlimited possibility.
It really was like going from a black-and-white world to seeing full color.
I always said that if 1% of the effort (and money) put into overcoming the PC architecture's shortcuts was put into the Amiga, the computing world would be in a very different place.
I'm afraid that the feeling of magic if (was) a phenomenon related to passing the boundary between the "black and white" and "full color" worlds, not the "full color" world itself.
What we have now easily available offers much more unlimited possibilities. 24-bit color, 4K resolution, all the 3D you may care about, all the audio you may care about, gigabytes of RAM, terabytes of storage, easy programmability from tinker-friendly stuff like pygame or processing.org or löve to world-construction kits like Godot. Or the whole Web thing. All available at a trivial cost or free. Where's the magic though?
I think that much of the "magic" feeling comes from pushing things to the limit, and beyond. This requires a limited possibility. Basically all art is built around some kind of a limitation and playing with it.
(Being young and having time to tinker with hardware just for the joy of the audiovisual effects goes without saying.)
How do different resolutions (pixel sizes) work? I get that everything memory related (including color mode and depth) could be switched on a raster line.
In theory it should be possible to change the frequency of the video signal mid screen as well, but I have a hard time to imagine switching repeatedly every frame wouldn't have driven the monitors of the time crazy. Even multi-sync monitors needed probably a couple of frames to sync, right?
In the context of the Amiga you didn’t need to change the signal frequency, the underlying video signal stayed the same.
For wider pixels, the hardware just drew each pixel for longer, and for taller pixels each pixel spanned more lines.
Pixels weren’t real in the CRT days :)
In a sense pixels arent even real today right? It's an abstraction
Kinda, but a CRT literally doesn’t have precise pixel targeting in the way an LCD does. Instead, you’re telling the electron gun to draw red for a little while, and it paints what it paints.
LCD and OLED panels consist of a fixed, unchangeable matrix of native pixels. (Same for the discontinued Plasma TVs.) CRTs don’t have that.
It’s basically just an SD TV signal, the vertical height in lines doesn’t change, it largely just swaps if each line outputs 320 or 640 pixels during its assigned time period.
Having interlaced and non interlaced modes at once seems a bit funky though, but I assume it just forces everything into interlaced with the non interlaced mode sections having the same line sent on both fields?
In TV land, there is no non-interlaced. It's all interlaced. You provide fields at 50Hz/60Hz* and the CRT displays one after the other, interleaved.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interlaced_video
"Non-interlaced" is just sending the same line for both fields, "interlaced" is sending different lines for each field. You can update your "non-interlaced" screen at 50/60Hz and the viewer will see movement, because it's transmitted for both fields. If you were updating just one line of an interlaced screen at 50/60Hz, it would only be transmitted every second field, so the viewer would perceive 25/30Hz movement.
For high-resolution monitors, Commodore and 3rd parties offered a "flicker fixer", which took the raw output, buffered both fields in its own RAM, and re-emitted the combined image as a single frame.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flicker_fixer
*: actually 59.94Hz
No, there is actually a difference between an interlaced and non-interlaced signal. A non-interlaced signal has an integral number of lines per field without the half-line that an interlaced signal would have. With a non-interlaced signal, a classic CRT will scan all of the fields with the same alignment instead of interleaving even/odd fields vertically. There was a definite visual difference between a non-interlaced mode and an interlaced mode repeating the same screen for both fields.
Analog monitors don't care about the dot clock. They draw lines, but you can put whatever signal you want in the lines so long as the dot clock doesn't exceed the available bandwidth. So horizontal resolution is effectively a range you can change at any time and the monitor won't even notice.
Vertical resolution is very much part of the spec, but even then CRTs will sync to hilariously out-of-spec signals that gain or lose lines per frame. Sanely-designed graphics hardware like the Amiga wouldn't do this, but the Atari 2600 wasn't sanely designed and had plenty of games that played fast and loose with NTSC. Atari graphics hardware only generated a single line of graphics and relied on H-Blank effects for literally everything else. Even the vertical retrace signal was controlled by the game. So it was very common to see badly programmed games send too many lines, and a different wrong number of lines each frame, which nobody noticed until people started writing 2600 emulators.
Maybe its me, but i believe the primary or secondary reason for screen is different screens had different resolutions and color depths, both of which dont really exist these days on any major OS.
I've been thinking a lot about this. Virtual desktops gets us somewhat close, but not quite. You're right the difference in resolution and colour depth isn't really relevant any more.
What I think made screens feel different was as a grouping mechanism, usually driven by a single application (though in more recent versions of AmigaOS you could open "public screens") that would manage the layout for that screen. You can do that with virtual desktops, but it takes some effort to simulate the behaviour.
I'm slowly iterating on something like that for my wm. I now snapshot the (by default tiling) layout and restore it, letting me "open" and "close" screens/virtual desktops, and re-open the applications on them, so instead of opening a single application that opens a screen, I will open a "project" and it will open a desktop and multiple applications on it whose windows will snap into place. I'm not happy with it yet, but it feels somewhat closer to me to how it felt to use Amiga screens.
It feels like the concept faded with the advent of large VRAM and fast fill rate graphics accelerators. I remember old X Window System workstations supporting multiple concurrent windows with different color depths and modes. The hardware would compose windows from memory during display scan-out, all to save VRAM.
Color depths, not modes per se, and it's more that XFree86/X.Org by virtue of being lowest common denominator didn't have optimizations based on it, and over time GTK and others forgot they exist.
Some systems like Xsgi went further with having several visuals used for predefined purposes in their modified Motif versions
I used X11 on some 8-bit framebuffers back in the day, and I remember the palette changing depending on which window was in the foreground. The foreground window would have proper colour, and the background ones would generally have crazy clashing colours.
The use case definitely exists today:
I don’t know much about Amiga, but from this article I recognize the Atari 8 bit / ANTIC DLI heritage at play!
Yeah-- the Atari roots (and Jay Miner's influence) clearly show in the Amiga.
An alternative future fiction I think about, when Commodore or Atari come up in conversation, is one where Irving Gould didn't run Jack Tramiel out of Commodore and Warner Communications listened to Atari's old guard engineers and released new platforms (versus running the home video game industry into the ground trying to milk the 2600 forever).
Obviously, in that world the Amiga would have ended up being an Atari product and the ST a Commodore product. I think both companies would have been healthier and, as such, would have been able to do more with the platforms. Their combined influence might have actually given the IBM PC and Macintosh a run for their money.
I think Atari would have done right by the Amiga. A properly executed version of it would have been a fantastic games console and I think Atari could have done that. It's hard to say what the home and business computer future of an Atari Amiga would have been, but it Atari would have made a kick-ass Amiga console.
Likewise, the ST could have been a lower cost Mac killer, especially if they leaned-in to Mac emulation / compatibility. I think Commodore had the chops and credibility to execute the ST as a business computer in a way the real Tramiel-run Atari never could. Atari couldn't overcome the stigma of Atari being a video game company.
> Their combined influence might have actually given the IBM PC and Macintosh a run for their money.
Not a chance, I think. Combine both and you still would not have beaten the sound philosophy, openness, speed, and flexibility of the IBM PC & compatibles. Ironically, to increase your chances massively, you'd needed to have enhittification (with its preference for locked-down rubbish antithetical to general-purpose computing) already dominating the market. Even as Amigas and Ataris were much more open than their cousin's terrible grandchild of today: Apple. A platform which many Amigatari nerdlingers of yesteryear gravitated to...
yeah, substantially agree. But I also think if only Atari and Commodore teams could have just been one company... it would have been glorious. Somehow. The market couldn't afford to be split like that, the pie wasn't big enough.
Also I was an Atari ST user back then, and loved it. But the Tramiel's didn't "get" software in the early days. They failed to make the right investments to keep TOS/GEM actively developed (e.g. as a Mac alternative) until it was too late (they hired Eric Smith to work on MiNT and then MultiTOS in the early 90s but they were already done as a company by then).
And then three fundamental hardware mistakes with the ST were:
1. not shipping it with the Blitter from the start so it couldn't compete on games, obviously with the Amiga but even with 8-bits of the time
2. forcing the ROM size down to 192kB so they had to size optimize the crap out of GEM before shipping (waste of precious development time), especially including tossing away all of GDOS (which had support for proportional fonts and printer drivers etc). A 256kB or 512kB ROM would have solved a lot of problems with what I'd think wouldn't have been an insane BOM cost bump.
3. Minor but long term annoying -- tying the cartridge port to only have 128kB of address lines. If they had given it 256kB or 512kB address ability their later expansion issues (OS upgrades etc) would have been much improved.
As for the Amiga, great machine but a) it cost too much at the start so failed to catch immediate fire (the 500 rectified this to some degree) b) interlace.
> And then three fundamental hardware mistakes with the ST were:
> 1. not shipping it with the Blitter from the start so it couldn't compete on games, obviously with the Amiga but even with 8-bits of the time
I don't think a blitter is that big of a deal, especially for games. A sprite/tile architecture would be better for games.
I wish that the ST came with the YM2203, instead of the YM2149. That would make it an even better machine for music, with the addition of 3 4-op FM voices.
Frame rates on games on the ST were terrible, which just came down to there not being enough cycles in a single frame to really move stuff around. Sprites or tiles would be great but are a bit specific. Blitter hardware subsumes all of that under a more general utility. The STe's blitter when it finally came along was great. But by then it was too late, nobody was going to make games for it because the market was too small.
Once clockspeeds got up to what the Falcon could do, it was unnecessary. But again, too late.
The Amiga is before my time, but I'm getting TempleOS vibes a bit, graphics-wise.